NEW PHYSICS THEORY

 

A THEORY OF DISTANCE AND TIME

 

 

 

James A. Putnam

 

 

A new physics theory based upon the premise that all theory should be reducible to empirical properties. The two empirical properties, from which all mechanical knowledge is gained, are distance and time. The fundamentals of theoretical physics are redefined to reflect this premise. The physical properties introduced are directly implied by measurements of distance and time. Their units are reducible exclusively to those of distance and time. A universally constant measurement of time is introduced. This finding points to the conclusion that: True time is absolute.

 

 

 

              TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

                     TWO ELEMENTS OF PHYSICAL ACTION   1

 

                     Constant Velocity   2

                     Change of Velocity   2

                     Change of Velocity Per Unit Distance   4

                     Energy of a Freely Falling Object   5

  

                     LIGHT AND RELATIVITY TYPE EFFECTS   7

                     Measuring the Speed of Light   7

                     Interpreting Pound-Rebka   9

                     Speed of Light   13

                     Acceleration Due To Gravity   15

                     Freely Falling Matter and Light   18

                     Gravitational Energy   19

                     Variable Length of Photons   23

                     General Relativity Type Effects   25

                     Origin of Special Relativity Type Effects   32 

                     Particle to Photon Energy Transfer   33

                     Speed and Special Relativity Type Effects   39

                     Electromagnetism and Relativity Type Effects   44

                     Particle Energy and Frequency   48

                     Photon Energy   50

                     Compton Effect   55

                     Photon Momentum   56

 

                     ELECTRIC EFFECTS AND THE HYDROGEN ATOM   59

 

                     Atomic Radius   59

                     Electric Charge   63

                     Electric Permittivity   65

                     Fine Structure Constant   68

                     Magnetic Permeability   70

 

                     ORIGIN OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION   71

 

                     Varying Electric Field   71

                     Definition of Electric Field   75

                     Electric Field Varying With Distance   75

                     Interpreting Magnetic Permeability   78

                     Interpreting Electric Permittivity   79

                     Electromagnetism and the Speed of Sound   79

                     Defining the Units of Physics   83

                     Electric Potential   86

                     Magnetic Field Varying With Distance   87

                     Origin of Atomic Electric Effects   88

 

                     ELECTRON ATOMIC ENERGY LEVELS   88

 

                     Wave Particle Duality   89

                     De Broglie Relation   89

                     First Atomic Energy Level   93

                     Higher Atomic Energy Levels   96

                     The Bohr Atom   96

                     Electric Force Quantum Numbers   98

 

                     FUNDAMENTAL FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIPS   99

 

                     Planck's Constant   99

                     Boltzmann's Constant   99

                     Momentum and Frequency   101

                     Temperature and Frequency   102

 

 

                     THERMODYNAMIC ENTROPY   103

 

                     Thermodynamic Equilibrium   103

                     Thermodynamic Entropy Definition   104

                      Interpreting Planck's Constant   111

                      Analyzing Planck’s Constant   113

                      Defining Temperature   114

                      Defining Boltzmann’s Constant   115

                      Defining Frequency   115

 

 

                     THE NATURE OF MASS   116

 

                     Mass and the Radius of the Hydrogen Atom   116

                     Universal Gravitational Constant   120

                     Particle Polarity   125

                     Photon Electromagnetism   126

                     Gravity   127

                     A New Equivalence Principle   131

                     Nuclear Physics   132

                     Neutrons   133

                     Formation of Atoms   134

                     Protons   135

                     Quark Theory and the Speed of Light   136

                     Creation of Matter   137

                     Antimatter   138

 

                     THE STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE   139

 

                     Natural Units of Measurement   139

                     Continuity and Discontinuity   140

                     Cosmic Background Radiation   140

                     Energy and Momentum   141